November 6,1970

Mr. Nicholas Trikilis
Aranair Corporation
P.O.Box 152
Wooster, Ohio 44691

Subject:
Laboratory Test Aranaire Model LR

Gentlemen:

Model Aranaire LR was delivered to the writer for the purpose of establishing analysis of emitted gas, for identification.

To establish this analysis, special laboratory equipment was set up under known conditions at 700 F and 50% relative humidity.
Two chambers were arranged to house the Model LR and another to contain emissions. The second chamber contained equipment for weighing, oxidizing and flame testing with Beckman Unit.

Results:
Gas emitted and weighed shows to have molecular weight about six times heavier, than oxygen. Gas combined in oxidation five times faster than oxygen.
The flame tests showed range to be greater than Ozone and to be in the Pentoxide Range meaning 05 ARAN as described by the company.

Above results were obtained during a 72 Hour span of tests. Additional Tests are now being conducted, for published results including output per hour, oxidation rate per hour, and definite molecular weight of gas.

Sincerely

Edgar H. Campbell
Ed Campbell and Associates


EXHIBIT-2>

FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT

Air Force Office of Scientific Research
Grant AFOSR-92-J-0047

“Fundamental Studies of Oxygen Rings and Other High Energy
Density Molecular Systems”

I. Summary

The development of efficient and safe conventional (i.e., non-nuclear) propellants and/or fuels is a goal of obvious technological significance. A desirable quality of such a propcllant is clearly a high ratio of energy release to mass. Much of our research has rested on a simple, but previously (i.e., before our work beginning in 1986) unrecognized, analogy between oxygen and sulfur. Our AFOSR supported research has shown that the proposed oxygen ring systems are sufficiently promising to warrant careful consideration. In fact, several experimental groups have attempted to prepare and characterize oxygen rings in the laboratory. Thus a major emphasis in this phase of the proposed HEDM (high energy density molecules) theoretical rcscarch is to work closely with Air Force supported experimental efforts to this end. Our work has also encouraged other theoretical groups to extend our S —>O analogy to P —> N, with the work of Lee and Rice on tetrahedral N₄ being a particularly beautiful example.
The potential attractiveness of oxygen rings follows from a number of considerations, including:
(a) Our theoretical studies to date show that the cyclic On systems are definitely high energy density materials. This may be seen in Figure. 1,kmdly provided to us by Dr. Harvey Michels based on our predicted energetics for O⁸;

(b) As cryogenic solid propellants, oxygen rings may plausibly be expected to form a metastable condensed phase by analogy with the valence isoelectronic sulfur rings, which, of course are very stable solids under normal conditions;

(c) The way to use oxygen rings as a rocket fuel is obviously analogous to that for normal molecular oxygen, i.e., 0₂. Furthermore, the cornplete. Burning of 0_n with molecular hydrogen yields water as the only new molecular product. The absence of hazardous products of combustion is a strong argument in favor of oxygen rings.

The HEDM program has already brought about a remarkably improved stream of communication between chemists and propulsion experts. It has also produced several viable candidates (including cyclic ozone, tetrahedral N4. cyclic 08 and 012, and cubic N8) for new propellants and/or additives. Futherznore the theoretical component of the HEDM program, and our research in particular, has received favorable attention in a semi-popular review in Science of very high visibility.


EXHIBIT-3>

Reprinted from the Proceedings of the

FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Vol. 78 (1960)

Tampa, Florida, Oct. 25-27, 1960

CONTROLLING GLADIOLUS BOTRYTIS BUD ROT WITH
OZONE GAS

R. 0. Magie
Gulf Coast Experiment Station
Bradenton

In the cool, damp weather of the past three Florida winters, Botrytis blight of cut flowers has been severe. Freeze~damaged gladiolus were especially vulnerable because the fungus, Botrytis gladiolotum Timm., attacked the damaged tissue and produced clouds of seed-like conidia which lodged in the flower buds
(3). The fungus invaded the tender petals often causing a rot which developed after the apparently healthy flower spikes were packed and shipped.
Botrytis diseases of gladiolus, chrysanthemums, lilies and other cut flowers in Florida Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal paper, No. 1134.
are most severe in winter and spring months. Recommended spray programs are effective in controlling the disease on leaves and on the outside of buds. However, conidia are often carried inside the flower buds and between the petals by rain. Fungicidal sprays are then ineffective because they cannot be forced inside the buds in time to prevent many of the infections. Alter infections are visible, fungicides do not cure them and the rot spreads to other flowers in the package, even though held in cold storage.

Since flowers with bud rot are unmarketable, gladiolus growers lost about one million dozen flower spikes during the past three years. Several fungicidal dips have been recommended during the past 10 years for controlling the bud rot (1, 2, 3). Alter the spikes arrive in the packing house, the flower heads 374 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1960

are dipped momentarily in the fungicidal preparation. In an attempt tQ “dry” the dipped flowers for packing, the stems are held while the bunch is whirled through the air to remove water from the buds. Fans are also used.
Even though dip treatments help to reduce losses in transit, very few growers use this method of control because wet flowers open too fast and may rot in transit. Since ozone gas b~mg used to detoxify air in a cold storage room for flowers seemed to control Botrytis disease on chrysanthemums, the following tests were made on gladiolus.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

Spikes of the common commercial varieties were obtained from commercial growers. From 6 to 12 spikes were used per treatment. Ozone was generated for periods of ~ to 24 hours by an “Aire-Zone” unit placed in a storage room or in a cabinet made of polyvinyl chloride sheeting. A similar room or cabinet was used for the untreated flowers. The concentration of ozone was adjusted empirically by increasing the electric current until the odor of ozone was pleasant or decreasing it if the odor became unpleasant. Artificial inoculations were made by dipping flower heads in conidial suspensions, by spraying suspensions or by shaking conidia-bearing flowers over the experimental spikes placed on a turntable in still air (air-flotation method). Except for the ozone-exposure period, inoculated spikes were held wet continuously in moisture chambers for two days. Infection spots were counted on the third to sixth day after inoculation.

Healthy spikes were used in testing for ozone-produced injury. Data on numbers of faded, fresh and unopened flowers were obtained 4 to 8 days after treatment.
,br>

RESULTS

Botrytis spots on petals were reduced to 46 percent by one-hour exposure and to 16 percent of the spots on untreated petals by a four-hour exposure to ozone gas (Table 1) when flower buds were inoculated by dipping in conidial suspensions. When the inoculation method simulated natural means of depositing conidia from the air, petal spots were reduced to 22-37 percent by one-half hour and to 0-16 percent of the untreated flowers by a 4-hour exposure, while the number of spots on stem and bud sheath were reduced to only 3 percent of the untreated plants. In those tests inoculations were made just before exposure to ozone. Table 2 shows the results of delaying exposure up to 24 hours after inoculation, flowers being held in a moisture chamber. Even after incubation for 24 hours, ozone treatment reduced stem and sheath infections to 18 percent of those on untreated plants. Petal spots were also reduced by the treatment, but the spots were confluent on many untreated petals so that counting or rating of infection was not satisfactory.

O

Conidial inoc		Duration of	Av. %	Infection
ulation by	Variety	Treatment	Pedals	Bud Sheaths
Water suspension	Spic and Span	1 Hour	26	-
		4 Hours	18	28
	Seedling A79	1Hour	55	-
Air flotation	June Bells	1/2 Hour	37	1
		1 Hour	24	3
		4 Hour	16	3
	Hopmans Glory	1/2 Hour	22	12
		1 Hour	0	8
		4 Hour	0	3

*Based on 100 spots for untreated control flower spikes. The average individual petal had about 12 infection spots. Each percentage is based on total infection on 200 to 600 petals.

Table 2. Incipient Botrytis infections on gladiolus stems reduced by ozone; six splices per treatment.

PH 888-883-6007 Compare Air Cleaners

	Incubation	period	pre
Treatment	ceding	treatment	(hourd)
of spikes	41/2	10	24
None	1060	1619	2472
Ozone	142	366	454

Similar results were obtained (Table 3) in controlling petal spots on flowers cut from a conunercial field and treated about 9 hours after an all-night infection period. The ozone-treated flowers (2 ¹/₂ hour exposure) had only 12 percent of the infection found on untreated petals. Another lot of those flowers dipped in a captan suspension (1 lb. per 100 gal.) had 15 percent as many spots as untreated flowers. In hot weather the captan-dipped buds at the tip of flower spikes did not open fully. This effect is r~ot found on flowers sprayed with captan in the field.
Several tests were made with ozone treatment of healthy spikes to determine the extent of deleterious effects on flower quality. Prolonged exposures of about 18 hours delayed opening of flower buds, but exposures of less than 5 hours tended to stimulate opening of buds, These tests indicated no reduction in flower quality from normal exposures of 2 to 8 hours (Table 4).

Table 3. Control of petal spots caused by natural llotrytis infections in a conrnercial field of gladiolus. Treatments made on cut flowers 9 hours after last infection period; one dozen spikes per treatment.

O

Treatment	Number of petal	spots
of spikes	Hopmans Glory	Snow Cloud
No treatment	3365	2713
Ozone for 21/2	387	313
Captan dip at 18%	485	428
L.S.D. 5%	220	270

Table 4. Condition of gladiolus flnrets S to 7 days after treatment with ozone, each exposure being made om a differant day.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

O

+

		No. of	florets	No. buds
Treatment	Variety	Wilted	Fresh	in color
Ozone for 8 hours	Leading	46	39	15
None - 8 hr. control	Lady	47	39	15
Ozone for 3 hours	Spic &	91	77	37
None - 3 hr. control	Span	85	39	50
Ozone for 2 hours	Leading	70	58	47
None - 2 hr. control	Lady	74	56	41

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Treatment of gladiolus spikes with ozone gas appears to be safer and as effective in controlling Botrytis disease as fungicidal dips. The teatment is less expensive than dipping and the flowers are kept dry. Ozone is most active under dry, cool conditions and could be used to best advantage in an air-conditioned packing house. Several models of the “Aire-Zone” oxonator were used in these tests. Their operation and maintenance are simple and inexpensive. These and other grid-type ozonators are safely used in hospitals and homes but the open-arc type should be avoided. Methods of determining the concentration of ozone near the flowers are crude but better methods are being developed.
LITERATURE CITED

1. Maple, R. 0. and W. G. Cowperthwaite, 1954. Commercial gladiolus production in Florida. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 535:4l.
2. Magie, R. 0. 1956. Gladiolus Botrytis control. Proc.Fla. State Hort. Soc. 69:337.343.
3. Magie, R. 0. 1958. Progress in controlling Botrytis disease of gladiolus. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 7l:406-4l0.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

UN1VERSITY OF FLORIDA.

GULF COAST EXPERIMENT STATION

P.O. BOX 2125. MANATEE STATION
BRADENTON. FLORIDA

June 1, 1962

Mr. N. Trikilis
Aranair Corporation
P. 0. Box 152
Wooster, Ohio

Dear Mr. Trikilis:

I am sorry I was not here last month when you and Jim came by. Mr. Kelbert said you called last night by telephone and asked for a letter describing our tests with ozone, using your Aranair machines. My publications on the early part of the ozone work is enclosed.

More recently, we have tested ozone for sterilizing utensils and the air in a culture room. This room is where we work with fungus and bacteria media and where the air must be free of contaminating dust, etc. This work has not been published. Briefly, it can be stated that culture dishes can be sterilized as completely as by steam if the ozone is constantly generated in a small cabinet containing the dishes.

For a year or more we have been using one of your aranair units in a culture room where it is left on at full capacity for two days, turned off over the week-end and the room is kept closed. By Monday, we can work in the room with practically no residue of ozone. This is the best method we have found for sterilizing the working surface and walls of this room so that the dust that is raised does not interfere with the culture plates.

Some of our flower growers and wholesalers of flowers have been using your units for the following reasons: (1.) Growers have used them in packinghouse to reduce contamination of flowers by disease organisms such as Botrytis. I have a recent letter from one of these growers saying that they had much less difficulty with complaints regarding their flowers since they have been using ozone. Where the packing room is too open for using ozone, some growers use it in the holding room which is usually air conditioned. (2) Growers have used ozone in the cold storage rooms where bulbs are stored for several months. The reason is to reduce the danger of accumulation of toxic gases such as ethylene and esters given off by the bulbs. (3) The use of ozone in refrigerated rooms where flowers are stored is especially important to prevent any accumulation of ethylene which puts certain flowers “to sleep”. Ethylene is given off naturally by all plant material under certain conditions, especially if the tissue is injured or ageing. Ripening fruit gives off a great deal of ethylene which causes other fruits to ripen and ages flowers rapidly.

I hope to see you on your next trip.

Sincerely yours R.O. Magie

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

GULF COAST EXPERIMENT STATION
P.0. BOX 2125. MANATEE STATION
BRADENTON. FLORIDA

July 18, 1962

Mr. N. Trikilis
Aranair Corporation
P. 0. Box 152
Wooster, Ohio

Dear Mr. Trikilis:

This is to certify that the air purifiers that I used in my disease control tests with gladiolus and chrysanthemum f lowers were your Aranair units. I used these units over a two year period in small and large cabinets as well as in rooms• We used them at room temperature and in cold storage rooms.

Sincerely yours,

ROBERT 0. MAGIE
Plant Pathologist
ROM: rdj

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

GULF COAST EXPERIMENT STATION

P.0. BOX 2125, MANATEE STATiON BRADXNTON, FLORIDA

June 1., 1962

Aranair Corporation
P.0. Box 152
Wooster, Ohio

Dear Mr. Trikilis:

During the seasons 1959-61, I did some preliminary work with ozone application in an attempt to control fungi or mold in our tomato ripening room. We were having some trouble with fruit decay but the most serious difficulty was the moldy or musty odor of the fruit after a day or two in storage. We had tried various filters and humidifiers but results were negative.

After talking with your Mr. Oneal while he was visiting Dr. Magie and explaining our problem, he agreed to loan me one of your Aranair units which we installed with his assistance in adjusting the volume of out—put suitable for the area involved.

Within a few days after installation, we noted a decided improvement. The musty odor was practically eliminated and loss by fruit decay was reduced materially. We also thought that there was a slight slowing up of fruit ripening. This was not objectionable; fruit seemed to ripen more firm. No detrimental effect on coloring of fruit was observed.

Later in the year Mr. Oneal suggested that we might clean up the organisms responsible for the musty odor by increasing ozone concentration in the room. We did this) eliminating the musty odor almost completely for several weeks.

I failed to point out above that our ripening room ceiling and walls are constructed with Celotex which probably contributed to our difficulties because fungi had penetrated into the fiber and coulii not be reached by washing down with chemicals.
I had hoped to do additional work along this line because the test described above had worked out so well. However, our ripening room facilities have been rather crowded this past two seasons and other workers were afraid that the application of ozone might complicate conditions for work that they had in progress.

We will be looking forward to your visit later this month.

Very truly yours,

DAVID G.A. KELBERT
Asso. Horticulturist

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
GULF COAST EXPERIMENT STATION

P. 0. BOX 2125, MANATEE STATION
BRADENTON. FLORIDA

July 18, 1962

Mr. N. Trtkilis
Aranair Corporation
P.0. Box 152
Wooster, Ohio

Dear Mr. Trikilis:

This is in reply to your question as to the type of equipment used in the tomato ripening work I carried out in 1959-61 as outlined in my letter of June 1, 1962. We used only Aranair units in this work.

Very truly yours,

DAVID G. A. KELBERT
Asso. Horticulturist
DGAK: rdj

EXIBIT 6

Emmanual Missionary College

Berrien Springs, Michigan

July 22, 1962

Mr. N. Trikilis
Aranair Corporation
P.O. Box 152
Wooster, Ohio

Dear Mr. Trikilis:

We have tested your Aranaire Electrical Air Purifier model KS and have observed that the unit prevents the formation of mold on freash strawberries kept under ordinary household refrigeration. Berries kept without the unit in the refrigerator molded in three or four days to the point of 70 per cent destruction.
On the other hand, berries kept well for 14 days when the unit was placed in the refrigerator. There was conciderable dehydration of the berries, but no mold formed. We find the Aranaire unit useful at least to prevent molding of strawberries in refrigeration.

We also feel that the unit may have other applications in the biology laboratory, and we will continue to investigate its further usefulness.

Sincerely yours,

Asa C. Thoresen
Assistant Professor Biology

Start California Berries

EXHIBIT 6

EXHIBIT 9

Health Benefits From
IONS AND Ozone

By Thomas Valone, MA.. P.E.,
Licensed professional engineer and former environmental ecience teacher.
ATMOSPHERIC
ELECTRICITY

Not until 1752 was the seret of atmospheric electricity Iiscovered — when Ben :ranklin in the U.S. and I’Alibard, a French investigaor, working independently, ,roved that lightning occurs xhen thunder clouds discharge alectricity. It was a reasonable axplanation — foreshadowed years before when one observer had noted crackling and flashes when he rubbed a lump of amber and held it closed to a finger. “It seems,” he had suggested, “in some degree to represent thunder and lightning.”

Another form of atmospheric electricity, more subtle than celestial phenomena, was discovered by Lemonnier, who found that an iron wire attached from the top of a building to the bottom produced sparks at times. It even vigorously attracted dust particles in fine weather, indicating that it was electrified. The electricity must be coming from the air.

Father Giambattista Beccaria of the University of Turin made careful observations for 20 years. He finally wrote, “It appears that nature makes extensive use of atmospheric electricity for promoting vegetation.” He also added, “We have also observed that artificial electricity without sparks has the same effect on vegetation.”

AIR IONS

What was this electricity that these early pioneers were experiencing? Not until the latter part of the 19th century did Elster and Geitel in Germany and J. ci. Thomson of England discover ions in the air. “Ion” comes from the Greek for “traveler”. The term was first used to describe charged atoms moving in solution. For example, when table salt is dissolved in water, the sodium chloride splits into sodium ions and chlorine ions which will migrate to negative and positive electrodes respectively.

Air ions are somewhat different from ions in solution.. Energy is needed for their formation — even the shearing of water droplets in •a waterfall supplies enough energy to make the fine spray carry a considerable load of small negative air ions while the heavier positive ions stay in the tumbling water. Ion concentrations have been measured at spas located near waterfalls to be as high as 35000 per cubic centimeter of air.

URBAN AIR IS ION DEPLETED

However, modern urban environments present a different kind of air quality: ion depletion. Very few human activities add small ions to the air while many of them lead to ion loss. Industrial pollutants, traffic-engendered smog, and the ducts of ventilation systems all strip ions from the air.

As a result, we suffer not only the direct toxic effect of pollutants we generate but also long continued exposure to air in which the normal total ion concentration of about 2,000 —3,000 per cubic centimeter (as found in the relatively clean air of open country) is reduced to barely detectable levels. Headache, somnolence, loss of attention, and general discomfort are just some of the initial reactions to air ion depletion.

TREATMENT OF DISEASE
WITH IONS

As noted in the book, The Ion Effect, by Fred Soyka (Ballantine Books, 1991), electronic negative ion generators have been used for the treatment of migraines, bedscres, allergies, asthma, catarrh, hay fever, eczema, burns, emphysema, and even as a substitute for tranquilizers. It was discovered that negative ions lowers serotonin in the body, and this explains why people tend to feel more alert, stable, and energized in their presence. Dr. Kreugerfound that bacteria, staphylococci, and fungi growth is halted in the presence of negative Ions, which explains the healing side effect. Dr. I. Kombluch mounted experiments at the Northeastern Hospital, 13, of Penn. Graduate Hospital, and at the Frankford Hospital in Philadelphia

Where he was able to report that 63 percent patients suffering from hay fever or bronchial asthma“ have experienced partial or total relief” from negative ion therapy. Russian studies reveal that positive ion, on the other hand, make breathing difficult.

ION AND OZONE SYNERGY

Russian studies have also indicated that “atmospheric ozone and ions are the vehicles of freshness”. In studies at the Academy of Medical sciences, Drs.Gubemski and Dmltriev found that 0.005 ppm (parts-per-rnillion) to 0.02 ppm of ozone added to normal deozonated indoor air Increased animals’ resistance to the cold, to infection, to toxic substances, and oxygen deprivation. A general increase In the immune “biological potential and the vital capacity of the things was reported.

Also produced during a thunderstorm three atoms of oxygen combine a temporarily stable molecule called ozone As soon as ozone encounters almost anything, including another ozone molecule, it breaks apart and oxidizes the substance hire. This includes odor-causing chemical gases, bacterial and microemal cells, and even dust particles.

Present in fresh country and mountain air in the average concentration of .03 ppm, atmospheric ozone is what your mother’s clothes on the line a fresh smell.

Nott surprisingly, nature uses ozone the air, even in polluted cities like Lo Angeles and Mexico City, where ultraviolet in the presence of “photochemical smog” produces enough ozone to break down the automobile carbons in the air. Where there is a lot of auto exhaust and sunlight, nature creates a lot of ozone to oxidize the poisons.

GERM KILLER

Ozone is a disinfectant. Twin City Testing Labs in Minnesota demonstrated a steady decline in five strains of infectious microorganisms in four hours with as little as .05 ppm of ozone. These “bioaerosols”, often incubating in dirty air ducts, could be projected to be completely eliminated in 24 hours from the Twin City Labs test data. It has been argued that the same disinfecting action takes place in the human sinus cavities (where invading microbes first take hold) as well as further down the respiratory tract, while breathing fresh mountain air containing trace amounts of ozone.

If we go this far, it is also interesting to note that ozone is virucidal (East West magazine, Sept. 1989). Therefore, the question about its effect on the incidence of the common cold can be raised. East West describes viruss-killing medical techniques that are being researched for a wide range of diseases.

OFFICE BUILDINGS CAUSE DISEASE

The most detailed account of the beneficial effects of trace amounts of ozone on the respiratory system comes from Drs. Gurbernskii and Dmitriev who report “that conditioned air causes employees working in office buildings to complain of headaches, weakness, a general poor feeling, oxygen deprivation, and leads to increased illness, rapid fatigue, and a reduction of the capacity to work.”

They also note that “in addition, the number of colds, rheumatism, severe catarrh, of the upper breathing passages, cardio-vascular disorders significantly increased” with conditioned air even in the absence of indoor air pollution.

OZONE-ION COMPLEX FIGHTS
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME

Tests done with less than .01 ppm of ozone reveal that “the levels of oxygen in the blood Increase relatively quickly and remain at a high level for the duration of the experiment.” They conclude by stating that “atmospheric ozone has a positive effect on animals and people. It is important to note its positive effect on the breathing system, blood composition, arterial pressure, immune system, general feeling of well-being, and mental and physical work capability.” They note further that “the ozone-ion complex is a necessary component of fresh air that gives it a curative effect”

If that isn’t enough, we find that in the journal Priroda (1976, No. 9, p. 26), the above researchers report that, with tests of 0.005 to 0.02 ppm of ozone for two to five months, “an increase in the resistance to the cold, to the presence of toxic substances, and to anemia was discovered,” In addition, they discovered an increase in hemoglobin and quantity of red blood corpuscles as well. The same article refers to the decrease in complaints of stuffiness (3.8 times less complaints) and 44% more positive remarks for an average of 0.0075 ppm (less than 0.01 ppm) of ozone.

ARTIFICIALLY ADD
IONS AND OZONE

The researchers conclude, “After analyzing the composition of air in the internal environment of a person’s dwelling in all sorts of buildings, it is possible to conclude that the optimum situation is a set of complex factors (ozone and ionized regime …) which, evidently, in the future will be necessary to artificially introduce into air conditioning systems. Without this favorable effect the air will be lacking.”

Precisely reproducing quantities of ozone and ions found in fresh air is the best answer to revitalizing the home and office since people spend on the average 90% of their time indoors, often with windows that are sealed shut.

For more information write or call the National Health Federation. The Ion Effect is available from NI-IF Book Nook for a price of $5.00 plus S&I-I.

EXHIBIT 9